Ijenereyitha yeGesi yendalo: Iingenelo, iingxaki kunye nesishwankathelo

1. Yintoni iSeti yeJenereyitha yeGesi yendalo?

Ijenereyitha yegesi yendalo sisixhobo sokuvelisa amandla okutsha ngaphakathi esinomgaqo osebenzayo ofana nowejenereyitha yepetroli, eyahlukileyo kakhulu kuhlobo lwepetroli. Isebenza kumafutha egesi atshayo kuquka igesi yendalo yepayipi, i-LNG (igesi yendalo enyibilikisiweyo) kunye ne-biogas. Ukutsha kwegesi kutyhala iipiston ukuguqula amandla obushushu abe ngamandla oomatshini, kwaye ekugqibeleni abe ngamandla ombane.

Ezona mpawu zibalaseleyo zezi generator zeziamandla okusebenza ngokuqhubekayo, ukuveliswa kombane okuqhagamshelwe kwigridi kunye nokubuyiselwa kobushushu obungafunekiyoZingasebenza njengezixhobo eziphambili zokubonelela ngombane kunye neeyunithi zamandla ezingxamisekileyo, zisebenza njengezixhobo eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kwamandla asasazwayo.

2. Iingenelo Eziphambili ZeeJenereyitha Zegesi Yendalo: Zilungele Imfuno Yamandla Aluhlaza Emadolobheni

2.1 Ukukhutshwa komoya okuphantsi kakhulu kunye nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo

Ukusebenza kokusingqongileyo yeyona nto ibalaseleyo kwiijenereyitha zegesi yendalo. Ilawulwa yi-methane, igesi yendalo itsha ngokupheleleyo nangokucocekileyo, ivelisa phantse akukho nto ingcolisayo okanye i-sulfide kwaye isusa ngokupheleleyo umsi omnyama kunye nomphunga ovuthayo onxulunyaniswa neejenereyitha zedizili. Ukukhutshwa kwayo yi-nitrogen oxide kuphantsi kakhulu kunezixhobo zepetroli zemveli. Ngokuguqulwa kwe-nitrogen encinci, inokuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo nemigangatho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo kwiindawo eziphambili zasezidolophini, kwiindawo zokuhlala, ezibhedlele, kwiindawo ezintle kunye namaziko edatha, okwenza kube lolona khetho lukhethwayo kwizikhululo zamandla zasezidolophini ezizibonelela ngokwazo.

2.2 Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu kunye nokonga amandla okubalulekileyo

Nangona ukusebenza kwayo kokuvelisa umbane okuzimeleyo kuphakathi, iijenereyitha zegesi yendalo ziqhayisa ngemveliso eyahlukileyoinzuzo yobushushu kunye namandla adibeneyo (CHP)Ubushushu obumdaka obuvela kwijakethi yesilinda kunye negesi yolwelo oluphumayo ngexesha lokuveliswa kombane bunokuphinda busetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo ukuze bufudunyezwe, bubonelelwe ngamanzi ashushu asekhaya kunye nemveliso yomphunga kwimizi-mveliso. Iijenereyitha zamandla eziqhelekileyo ziguqula malunga ne-35% yamandla abe ngumbane, ngelixa iiyunithi zegesi yendalo ze-CHP zifikelela kwizinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla elipheleleyo le-80% ukuya kwi-90%, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokubanzi kwaye inika iingenelo ezimangalisayo zokonga amandla ixesha elide.

2.3 Ukusebenza Ngokukhuselekileyo Nokungenangxolo Iphantsi

Ngokuphathelele ukhuseleko, igesi yendalo ayixinene kangako kunomoya kwaye isasazeka ngokukhawuleza xa kukho ukuvuza, kungekho ntsalela yolwelo yokungcolisa umhlaba kunye namanzi angaphantsi komhlaba afana nedizili okanye ipetroli, okuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ukongeza, iijenereyitha zegesi yendalo zisebenza ngokungcangcazela okukhulu kunye nengxolo encinci kuneejenereyitha zedizili ezifanayo, ezingafuni uhlaziyo oluntsonkothileyo lokunciphisa ingxolo ukuze zihlangabezane nemigangatho yolawulo lwengxolo kwiifektri nakwiindawo zokuhlala.

Ngaphezu koko, zinokusebenza okuguquguqukayo kokuqala nokuyeka kunye nokuphendula ngokukhawuleza komthwalo. Ziyakwazi ukusebenza ngokuzinzileyo iiyure ezingama-24, zikwasebenza nakwimithetho yokulawula umthwalo ophezulu kunye nokunikezelwa kombane ngexesha likaxakeka kunye nokuguquguquka okunamandla.

2.4 Umthwalo womsebenzi ophantsi wokulungisa kunye nobomi benkonzo ende

Xa kuthelekiswa neejenereyitha zedizili, iiyunithi zegesi yendalo ziyazisusa izinto ezichanekileyo zamafutha ezifana neempompo zeoyile ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nee-injectors zamafutha, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu umsebenzi wokugcinwa kwenkqubo yamafutha kwaye yandisa imijikelo yokutshintshwa kweoyile kunye nezixhobo. Ubomi benkonzo yoyilo iyonke bufikelela kwiiyure zokusebenza ezingama-60,000 ukuya kwi-100,000 kunye nexesha elide lokuhlaziya. Zixhotyiswe ngezinga eliphezulu lokuzenzekelayo, zixhasa ukujonga kude, ukuyeka ukuqalisa ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokutshintsha igridi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okulula kwemihla ngemihla kunye nokugcinwa.

2.5 Imigaqo-nkqubo Efanelekileyo kunye Neendleko Zokusebenza Ezizinzileyo

Njengomthombo wamandla acocekileyo, igesi yendalo inemigaqo-nkqubo exhasayo kulo lonke ilizwe kwiiprojekthi zokuvelisa umbane ezisasaziweyo kunye neeprojekthi ze-CHP, kubandakanya amaxabiso egesi akhethekileyo, izibonelelo zokuvelisa umbane kunye nokunciphisa irhafu. Okwangoku, amaxabiso egesi yendalo ahlala ezinzile ekuhambeni kwexesha xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso eoyile aguquguqukayo, nto leyo ethintela ngokufanelekileyo ukuguquguquka kweendleko zokusebenza okubangelwa kukutshintsha kwexabiso lepetroli.

3. Imida Yendalo YeeJenereyitha Zegesi Yendalo: Ayifanelekanga Kuzo Zonke Iimeko

3.1 Ixabiso Eliphezulu Lotyalo-mali Lokuqala

Iiseti zejenereyitha zegesi yendalo zinexabiso eliphezulu lokuthengwa kweyunithi kunejenereyitha zedizili ezinereyithingi efanayo yamandla. Ukongeza, zifuna izixhobo ezixhasayo ezifana nezixhobo zokulawula uxinzelelo lwegesi kunye nokucoca, imibhobho engaqhumiyo, ii-alamu zokuvuza kwegesi kunye neenkqubo zokungenisa umoya ngokunyanzelisiweyo. Utyalo-mali lobunjineli bokwakha kunye nezixhobo ezincedisayo luphakamisa iimfuno zebhajethi ezingaphambili zeeprojekthi.

3.2 Ukuxhomekeka Kakhulu Kubonelelo Lwegesi Oluzinzileyo OluneMida Yeemeko

Iijenereyitha zegesi yendalo azinakusebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle kobonelelo lwegesi. Iindawo zasezidolophini ezineenethiwekhi zemibhobho yegesi yendalo zikamasipala zinobonelelo lwegesi oluzinzileyo nolulula, ngelixa iindawo zokwakha ezikude kunye neendawo zasemasimini ezingenayo imibhobho zixhomekeke kwiitanki zokugcina i-LNG, ezithatha indawo enkulu kwaye zifumana iindleko ezongezelelweyo zokuthutha ipetroli kunye nokuzalisa. Ngaphezu koko, ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo lwegesi kunye nobunyulu kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo umbane ophumayo, kwaye ukungcola okugqithisileyo kunokubangela ukuvaleka kwezixhobo kwaye kuphazamise uzinzo lokusebenza. Ukuphazamiseka kobonelelo lwegesi kuya kukhokelela ekuvalweni kweeyunithi ngoko nangoko, okubangela ukuthembeka okuphantsi okungxamisekileyo kuneejenereyitha zedizili ezineemithombo zamafutha ezigciniweyo.

3.3 Ukusebenza Kakuhle Kokuvelisa Umbane Ozimeleyo Kunokuba Kusetyenziswe Iijenereyitha Zepetroli

Kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukuveliswa kombane kuphela ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kobushushu obumdaka, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kombane kweeyunithi zegesi yendalo kususela kwi-35% ukuya kwi-42%, okungaphantsi kancinci kunokusebenza kakuhle kwe-40%–46% kweejenereyitha zedizili. Oku kuthetha ukuba iijenereyitha zegesi yendalo aziboneleli ngenzuzo yezoqoqosho kwiimeko zongxamiseko ngaphandle kwemfuno yokufudumeza. Ixabiso lazo eliphambili linokufunyanwa ngokupheleleyo kuphela ngenkqubo yokubuyisa ubushushu obumdaka ehambelanayo.

3.4 Iinkcukacha zoLwakhiwo oluQondileyo kunye noKhuseleko

Ngenxa yokuba igesi yendalo iyatsha kwaye iqhuma, imigangatho yokwakha amagumbi okuvelisa igesi yendalo ingqongqo kakhulu kunaleyo yamagumbi okuvelisa idizili aqhelekileyo. Indawo kufuneka ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zombane ezingaqhumiyo, izixhobo zokungenisa umoya ngokunyanzelwa, iindawo zokunceda ukuqhuma kunye neenkqubo zokufumanisa igesi kunye nokukhupha umoya. Imigangatho ephezulu yokwakha nokuhlaziya ifuna ucwangciso olungqongqo lwendawo kunye nokuhlolwa kokhuseleko lwemihla ngemihla kwemibhobho yegesi kunye neenkqubo ze-alamu ukuze kupheliswe iingozi ezinokubakho.

3.5 Ukungaziqhelanisi kakuhle nokusebenza ngobushushu obuphantsi kunye nomthwalo ophantsi

Kwiimeko ezibandayo kakhulu zasebusika, ukusebenza kakuhle kwegesi erhasi kunye nomlinganiselo womxube ongalinganiyo kuya kwandisa ubunzima bokuqala kokubanda, nto leyo edinga ukufudumeza igesi okongezelelweyo kunye nezixhobo zokufudumeza igumbi lejenereyitha kwimimandla esemantla enobushushu obuphantsi. Ukongeza, ukusebenza ixesha elide ngaphantsi komthwalo olinganisiweyo we-30% kuya kubangela ukutsha okungaphelelanga kunye nokufakwa kwekhabhoni, okukhawulezisa ukuguguleka kweendawo ezisengozini ezifana neeplagi zentlaka kunye neekhoyili zokutsha, ezineendleko zokutshintsha eziphezulu.

4. Imeko Ezifanelekileyo Zokukhetha Izixhobo

Njengoko kuboniswe ziingenelo nezingalunganga ezingentla, iijenereyitha zegesi yendalokuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimekokwaye ayisosisombululo esifanela zonke izinto.

Zilungele kakhulu iimeko ezineunikezelo oluzinzileyo lwegesi yemibhobho, imfuneko yokufudumeza kunye namanzi ashushu, iimfuno ezingqongqo zokusingqongileyo kunye nokusebenza okuqhubekayo ixesha elide, njengeeprojekthi ze-CHP ezisasazwe kwiindawo zoshishino zasezidolophini, ezibhedlele, kwiihotele, kwiindawo zorhwebo nakwiifektri.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iijenereyitha zedizili zibonelela ngexabiso elingcono kunye nokusebenza ngcono kwiiindawo ezikude ezingenazo iipayipi zegesi, iimeko zokulinda ixesha elifutshane, iindawo ezingenayo imfuneko yokusetyenziswa kobushushu obumdaka, kunye nokusebenza okwethutyana phantsi kweemeko ezibandayo kakhulu nezinomthwalo omncinci..

5. Isiphelo

Njengesixhobo sokuvelisa umbane esikumgangatho ophezulu kwixesha lamandla acocekileyo, iijenereyitha zegesi yendalo zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kunye nokugcinwa okulula, okuhambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nemfuno yophuhliso lwedolophu olusebenzisa ikhabhoni encinci. Nangona kunjalo, zikwanazo neziphene eziquka utyalo-mali olukhulu lokuqala, ukuxhomekeka kobonelelo lwegesi, imida yeemeko kunye nokuzivumelanisa nobushushu obuphantsi.

Kufuphi,Iijenereyitha zegesi yendalo zikhethwa kakhulu kwiindawo zasezidolophini apho kukho igesi efumaneka lula, imfuneko yobushushu kunye nokusebenza ixesha elide; iijenereyitha zedizili zifanelekile ngakumbi kwiindawo apho kungekho gesi, apho kungekho xesha lide kwaye zisetyenziswa ngamaxesha athile.Ukukhetha izixhobo ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zokusetyenziswa, iimeko zendawo kunye neemfuno zokusebenza kunokwandisa ixabiso lezixhobo kwaye kulinganise ukonga amandla kunye nokusebenza kweendleko.